new+civilizations

=New civilizations=

=**  civilizations   **= =  =  Between 2000 and 300 BCE, complex cultures began to form in Mesoamerica. Some matured into advanced pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations such as the [|Olmec], [|Teotihuacan] , [|Maya] , [|Zapotec] , [|Mixtec] , [|Huastec] , [|Purepecha], [|Toltec] , and Mexica ( [|Aztecs] ), which flourished for nearly 3,500 years before first contact with Europeans.                 =**  inventions   **= =  =  These indigenous civilizations are credited with many inventions in: building [|pyramid] -temples, [|mathematics], [|astronomy] , medicine, writing, highly accurate [|calendars], fine arts, intensive agriculture, [|engineering] , an [|abacus] calculator, a complex [|theology], and the [|wheel]. However, without any draft animals, the wheel was used only as a toy. They also used native [|copper] and [|gold] for metalworking.   =**  Archaic inscriptions   **= =  =  Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of [|Nuevo León] ) demonstrate an early propensity for counting in Mexico. The counting system was one of the most complex in the world, with a [|base 20] number system. These very early and ancient count-markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mexican natives before the arrival of Europeans. In fact, many of the later Mexican based civilizations carefully built their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. =**  Mesoamerican cities   **= =  =  The biggest Mesoamerican cities such as [|Teotihuacan], [|Tenochtitlan] , and [|Cholula] were among the largest in the world. These cities grew as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology, and they radiated influence outwards onto neighboring cultures in central Mexico.  

 =**  The civilizations´ spansion   **= =  =  While many city, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mesoamerica can be said to have had five major civilizations: The Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Toltec, the Mexica and the Maya. These civilizations (with the exception of the politically fragmented Maya) extended their reach across Mexico. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these four civilizations over the span of 4,000 years. Many made war with them, but almost all peoples found themselves within these five spheres of influence. = South American native civilization =

media type="youtube" key="Hnz5SomARgI" height="349" width="425" = the mayan civilization = = media type="youtube" key="GKIWxaF28PU" height="355" width="431" = = = = Aztec civilization = = media type="youtube" key="Lcx7JlDeiNk" height="349" width="425" = = = = =