from+america+to+europe

The parasite was named in 1903 after the Scottish pathologis Wiliam Boog Leishman. The origins of //Leishmania// are unclear. One possible theory proposes an African origin, with migration to the Americas. Another migration from the Americas to the Old World about 15 million years ago, across the Bering Strait land bridge. Another proposes a paleartic origin.Such migrations would entail migration of vector and reservoir or successive adaptations along the way. A more recent migration is that of //L. infantum// from Mediterranean countries to Latin America (there named //L. chagasi//), since European colonization of the New World, where the parasites picked up its current New World vectors in their respective ecologies. This is the cause of the epidemics now evident. One recent New World epidemic concerns foxhounds in the USA.
 * __ Leishmania __** is a genus of Trypaosomadic protozoa and is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis It is spread through sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Their primary hosts are vertebrates;//Leishmania// commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. //Leishmania// currently affects 12 million people in 88 countries.



**Oroya fever** or **Carrion's Disease** is an infectiuos produced by //Bartonella bacilliformis// infection.Carrion's disease is found only in Peru, Ecuador , and Colombia. It is endemic in some areas of Peru and is caused by infection with the bacterium //Bartonella bacilliformis// and transmitted by sandflies of genus //Lutzomyia// .The clinical symptoms of bartonellosis are pleomorphic and some patients from endemic areas may be asymptomatics. The two classical clinical presentations are the acute phase and the chronic phase, corresponding to the two different host cell types invaded by the bacterium (red blood cells and endothelial cells).



While some authorities recommend the use of azithromycin, it's difficult to gauge what, if any significant benefit, is afforded given the often self-limiting course in patients with intact immune function. The disease was named after a medical student Daniel Alcides Carrión from Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Carrion described the disease after being inoculated on his request by Doctor Evaristo M. Chávez, a close friend and coworker in Dos de Mayo National Hospital. Carrion kept a meticulous clinical history until the disease rendered him incapable of so doing. Carrion proved that "Oroya fever" and "Verruga Peruana" were two stages of the same disease, not two different ones as thought at the time. **Tuberculosis, MTB or TB** is a common and in some cases deadly __infectious disease__ caused by various strains of mycobacteria usually //Mycobacterium tuberculosis// in humans.Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims. The classic symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. Diagnosis relies on radiology, a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Treatmen is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in (extensively) multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Prevention relies on screening programs and vacination, usually with Bacilus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.
 * Bartonellosis** is an infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus //Bartonella.////Bartonella// species cause diseases such as Carrion´s disease, trench fever, and cat scratch disease, and other recognized diseases, such as bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, chronic bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy, and neurological disorders.