Security+Copy+of+the+preparations+of+the+first+voyage

General idea of Christopher Colombus´ projects for the first voyage. toc

=Triying to convince the crown of Portugal: =
 * Christopher Columbus was very sure that the earth was round and he wanted to perform his project to reach India (the spices land) sailing westward through the Atlantic ocean. His project consisted of finding a new and shorter trade route to Asia to obtain silk and spices.
 * Columbus thought that the earth was much smaller than it is. And he is going to try to convince some crown and kingdoms to see if anyone can and will support his idea.
 * First he tryed to convince the crown of portugal since they were very interested in spices.


 * Prince Henry continued ignoring the opposition of his loyal servantsand he had already, by discovery of his navigators, exploded the erroneous belief that the equator was impassable, so Columbus tried to find employment at his service.But prince Henry soon died after Columbus´s arrival at Lisbon.
 * Christopher columbus was going to ask the Prince of Portugal but sadly he died. Columbus then waited till his haer, King John, that inherited the thrown and asked him. He turned him down because he didnt want to loose any money in something he thought stupid because he didnt believe the earth was round, so he told him he wasnt interested in his idea since he was already comited trading with asia by the sea route that passed trough the south of Africa and that if the earth was round it would take longer.
 * The desire for making explorations in the western waters was stimulated by stories of vegetable productions, wood handsomely carved, and the bodies of two men with dark skin, which had been washed ashore at the Azores from some unknown land in the west. These things made Columbus more sure of his belief that the earth was a sphere, and that Asia could be reached by sailing westward from Europe.
 * With bad luck he asked help to King John of Portugal, who liked Columbus´s idea, but priests and professors interposed controlling objections. The king however sent a caravel ostensibly with provisions for the Cape Verde Islands, but with secret instructions to the commander to pursue a course westward indicated by Columbus. The fears of the mariners caused them to turn back.
 * || [[image:http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/explorers/christopher-columbus.jpg align="center" caption="Christopher Columbus"]] ||
 * Christopher Columbus ||

>> || Christopher Columbus|| >> >>

=Trying to convince the Catholic Monarchs =


 * Disgusted with this trick he determined to leave Portugal and ask aid from elsewhere. With his son Diego, he left Lisbon to Spain secretly in 1484, while his brother Bartholomew prepared to go to England to ask aid for the projected enterprise from Henry VII.
 * Genoa denied to help him, also did Venice; and he applied to the powerful and wealthy Spanish dukes of Medina-Sidon and Medina-Celli. They denied it too, but they later recommended the project to Queen Isabella who requested the navigator to be sent to her.
 * In that city he became attached to Donna Beatrice Enrique, by whom he had a son, Ferdinand, born in 1487, who became his biographer. It was an inappropriate moment for Columbus to lay his projects before the Spanish monarchs, for their courts were moving from place to place, in troublous times of the Reconquest. But at Salamanca he was introduced to King Ferdinand by Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo and Grand Cardinal of Spain.

> At the close of an October day, he stopped at the gate of the Franciscan monastery of Santa Maria de Rabid, near the port of Palos, in Andalusia, and asked for refreshment for his boy, Diego. The prior of the convent, Juan Perez de Marchena, became interested in the conversation of the stranger, and he invited him to remain as his guest. Columbus told him his plans. Alonzo Pinzon and other eminent navigators at Palos, with scientific men, were invited to the convent to talk with Columbus, and Pinzon offered to furnish and command a ship for explorations. Marchena, who had been Queen Isabella's confessor, wrote to her, asking an interview with her for Columbus. It was granted. Marchena rode to the camp of the monarchs at Santa Fe, when the Queen sent a little more than $200 to Columbus to enable him to appear decently at Court. He explained his project.
 * Columbus waited for seven years in the army as a volunteer while the Spanish monarchs were finishing the Reconquest. Meanwhile the King of Portugal had invited him to return, and Henry VII had also invited him, by letter, to come to the Court of England, giving him encouraging promises of aid. But Ferdinand and Isabella treated him kindly, and he remained in Spain until 1491, when he set out to lay his projects before Charles VIII of France

>>
 * A civil officer at Court protested, and the Queen sent for him to return. Ferdinand said that there wasn´t enough money to be spared for the enterprise. Queen Isabella wanted to sell her crown jewels to pay for the expedition. An agreement was signed by their Majesties and Columbus at Santa Fe, April 17, 1492, by which he and his heirs should forever have the office of admiral over all lands he might discover, with honors equal to those of Grand Admiral of Castile; that he should be viceroy and governor-general over the same; that he should receive one-tenth of all mineral and other products that might be obtained; that he and his lieutenants should be the sole judges in all disputes that might arise between his jurisdiction and Spain, and that he might advance one-eighth in any venture, and receive a corresponding share of the profits. He was also authorized to enjoy the title of Don, or noble.
 * [[image:http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/explorers/columbus-queen-isabella.jpg width="469" height="284" align="center" caption="external image columbus-queen-isabella.jpg" link="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/lithographs/columbus-queen-isabella.htm"]] ||
 * external image columbus-queen-isabella.jpg ||

Preparation of the first voyage: []


 * [[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_L1FbfLqA1QA/S2mMdQYCBYI/AAAAAAAAB0w/JrsJi5VC7g0/s200/santang6+en+estatua+colon+bcn.jpg width="247" height="261" align="center" caption="Luis de Santel"]] ||
 * Luis de Santel ||


 * [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQT6hPHdqjP9Ibhn9z-rHE8J4v6dK2xAtCS9_PyHYnWv0jSwk57Xw width="245" height="302" align="center" caption="Escudo de la familia de Luis Santel"]] ||
 * Escudo de la familia de Luis Santel ||

According to the famous Memorial of Christopher Columbus, 1/4 of the expedition was paid from his pocket, which was around ducats. Half of the needed money was paid by the Catholic Monarchs, which in fact were given by Luis de Santel. The expedition was financed with ducats (Catalonian money) but truly paid with maravedies (Castilian money): 1 ducat = 375 maravedies. And according to Consuelo Varela, book which contains the 9 letters of Christopher Columbus, he was paid 1000 maravedies per month, which was something around the 415 euros a month. So the total price of the expedition was the 1.140.000 maravedies of Luis de Santel plus the 500.00 ducats of Christopher Columbus. Nowadays, the ducats costs around $630.000. But truly, historians say the Columbus wasn't just paid 1.140.000 maravedies, but yes 17.000 ducats in Barcelona by Luis the Santel. So knowing this, and according to 375 maravedies per ducat, Columbus must have obtained over 6.375.000 maravedies from Santel. Some historians, such as, Charles Duff say that really Columbus didn't invest any money, and that the 500.000 maravedies were given by Abravancel for who we only know he was the head of the Jewish society in Spain. So if he had the 17.000 ducats from Santel and 500.000 maravadies from Abrancel, Columbus got over 6.875.000 maravedies which nowadays are 2,8 million euro according to professionalized economists in antique medieval coins. = **﻿ ** = = **Sailor's wages from the first voyage ** = - 5 wages of 2.000 maravedies/month - 35 wages of 1000 maravedies/month
 * **For the Santa Maria: **
 * **For the Santa Maria: **


 * [[image:http://www.southernoceansailing.com.au/assets/components/gallery/files/2010/12/file:santamariapalos1.jpeg width="283" height="474" align="center" caption="A mock-up of La Santa María in the museum of Palos de la Frontera,Huelva "]] ||
 * A mock-up of La Santa María in the museum of Palos de la Frontera,Huelva ||


 * **For the Pinta: **

- 6 wages of 2.000 maravedies/month - 19 wages of 1000 maravedies/month


 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LaPinta.jpg/250px-LaPinta.jpg width="249" height="274" align="center" caption="La Pinta in the museum in Palos de la Frontera, Huelva"]] ||
 * La Pinta in the museum in Palos de la Frontera, Huelva ||

**For the Niña: ** <span style="background: white; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">- 6 wages of 2.000 maravedies/month - 19 wages of 1000 maravedies/month
 * [[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3yCN0hwtQuc/SwHAWx-03fI/AAAAAAAAALI/bodeNKGEpV0/s400/250px-LaNi%C3%B1a.jpg width="250" height="308" align="center" caption="La Niña in the museum in Palos de la Frontera, Huelva"]] ||
 * La Niña in the museum in Palos de la Frontera, Huelva ||


 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">By knowing this and that there were three months in the sea, from the 3· of August to the 12· of October 1492, the invested money increases to the 936.000 maravedies. So now we can appreciate that it's impossible that Columbus would have only obtain $630.000 for the expedition. And even without taking into account the food and material to make the two caravels and the nao. The Santa Maria was constructed in Santender, was commanded by Juan de Cosa as first in command.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">La Pinta had been built in the shipyards of Palos few years before the first trip. She was chosen by Martin Alonso Pinzón their nautical qualities, since it had previously rented, the council paid for the Palos. His name gave the impression to some historians who belonged to the Pinto family, but was actually leased to the owners Gomez Rascon and Alonso Quintero, who were in it to America as a marine, so probably his real name was "La Pinta"
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">La Niña was a lateen caravel belonging to the brothers Niño, hence its name, before joining the expedition (his name really was Santa Clara). This caravel vessel was built in the village of Moguer. Finch was elected by Pinzon for being very maneuverable. It was commanded by Pinzon. The Santa María went first-in-commanded with Christopher Columbus, and behind it the Niña commanded by Pinzón and the Pinta commanded by Martín Alonso Pinzón, who in fact weren't brothers. But us the Santa María was bigger and heavier the Niña and the Pinta needed to sail slower.
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">All told, there were about 120 crewmen for the combined fleet. They lived on hard biscuit, salted meat, and fish. They drank beer and water. Of course, they could not drink sea-water because of the high salt content. In that day they had not yet developed methods for distilling the sea-water to remove the salt. Living conditions were difficult. Sleeping was done on the hard deck, often exposed to the weather. Because of the danger of a wooden ship burning to the water-line, fires had to be strictly controlled. The cooking was done by the ships cook in the forward part of the ship. The captain normally had a small cabin in the aft part of the ship.

[]

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**First voyage's shipping**

[|http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_Santa_Mar% C3% ADa] [|http://embed-api.qwiki.com/q/ #! / Juan_de_la_Cosa]
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The **Santa Maria** was the unic nao of the expedition, and the bigger of the ships (and also the slowest) of the first voyage of Columbus in the year 1492. This nao was used as leading nao in the expedition, his owner was Juan de Cosa. On the 25 of October 1492 they arive to the northwest coast of the Dominican Republic and it was distroied but the left wood was used to built a small boat which was called  Fuerte Navidad.The diference between a caravel and a nao ,is that a nao is longer than the caravel.All the boats in Columbus' expedition were second-hand. The Santa Maria was originally called 'La Gallega' probably because it was constructed in. It was built in Pontevedra, Galicia. Sailors called it Marigalante. Some theories say it was constructed in Falgote, Colindres in Cantabria but other say that it was built in the port of Santa Maria.The dimensions of the Santa Maria were 36m long and it had 3 masts. It was the slowest but the rest needed to go behind it because Columbus commanded it.



[|* Http: / / es.wikipedia.org / wiki /% C3% B1a La_Ni] [|http://embed-api.qwiki.com/q/ #! / B3n_brothers Pinzón% C3%] [|http://embed-api.qwiki.com/q/ #! / Vicente_Y% C3% A1% C3% B1ez_Pinz% C3% B3n]
 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The **Niña** was one of the two caravels used by Columbus in his first voyage to The New World in 1492. It was constructed the port The Ribera of Moguer between the year 1487 and 1490, near by the river Tinto. It was called 'Santa Clara', in honour to the monastery of Ribera of Monguer. However it changed its name with its owners , the Niño brothers. La Niña was made of pine and dwarf evergreen oak , and its primitive lateen sails was modified into square sails when they arrived to the Canary islands , but these new sails were just instaled to the Niña when they arrived to the island 'La Española'. These sails hadn't curles, so they could't modify them if there was to much wind. The ship carried a crew of about 25 and was classed a caravel (thought to be about 45 feet long). After the Santa Maria ran aground, Columbus used the Niña as his flagship.




 * <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The **Pinta** was built by some shipyards of Palos de la Frontera some years before the first expedition."Pinta", meaning "Painted One", is thought to be a nickname for the second vessel. Because of its name, historians thought it was rented from the Pinto's family, but, in fact it , was rented from Gomez Rascón and Cristobal Quintero, who went as sailors into the first expedition to America. It was chosen by Martin Alonso Pinzon , because of its navigational qualities. And the Pinta Had simple, square, nordic sails. It was the faster of the three, so it had to wait for the Santa Maria and the Niña, because of Martin Alonso Pinzon's qualities. When they were just to discover America Marin Alonso Pinzon reached the 15 miles, in those days. Nowadays one former mile is equal as 0.8 actual miles. So he had reached almost 12 miles.

[]

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**Who formed part of the crew?**

Before the first voyage, after finishing the reconquest, the Catholic monarches send invitations all through the authorities of their Crowns to take part in the expedition commanded by Christipher Columbus in search of the Moluccas. They also talked about the amound of money needed to to pay the expedition to the collectors of the Crowns, who were allowed to invest it. By a letter, the Catholic monarches ordered to put off the criminal causes of the sailors who would take part in Columbus expedition until two months after the arriva from the expeditionl.Only four criminals sentenced to death were the first ones who enlisted themselves to participate in the expedition. And because of customs and laws of the Crown of Castile. So the Catholic monarches decided to give their freedom inexchange for taking part in the expedition.


 * ===Some useful information about Colunbus's fleet and his childhood-The Book===

[|http://books.google.es/books?id=eAfBVY8rJAIC&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259&dq=asesinos+en+la+flota+the+Cristobal+Colon&source=bl&ots=ZUVZfIBhrE&sig=TKsHK6Cl3asrJlsShTg8JM1p5H]

Christopher Columbus received the possition of almirant if the fleet, and because of this possition he had to be obeied by all the crew. As capitain he also had the privilage of carring the letter to //<span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[|Genghis Khan] // or any other king of India. With these established rules Columbus left Granada the 12 of May, and some journeys later they reached Palos(Huelva). From there they sailed West to get to Cipango or the Mongolian territories ruled bu the Great Khan.

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_ (título)]

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 * [[image:descarga align="center" caption="Territories reigned by The King Khan"]] ||
 * Territories reigned by The King Khan ||


 * [[image:170px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg align="center" caption="Portrate of Genghis Khan"]] ||
 * Portrate of Genghis Khan ||

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